Imunitas dan Kapasitas Antioksidan Pada Manusia Ditingkatkan dengan Konsumsi , terenkapsulasi Buah dan Jus Sayur (SHALLY MARLI MAULANA)
Immunity and Antioxidant Capacity in Humans Is Enhanced by Consumption of a Dried, Encapsulated Fruit and Vegetable uice Concentrate1
Meri P. Nantz,2 Cheryl A. Rowe,2 Carmelo Nieves, Jr., and Susan S. Percival*
Food Science and Human Nutrition Department University of Florida Gainesville, Florida 32611
Introduction
Components of fruits and vegetables, such as vitamins, minerals, and other phytochemicals are effective in maintaining health and immune function (1–3). The objective of this research was to evaluate the consumption of fruits and vegetables in the form of an encapsulated powder concentrate from a fruit and vegetable juice blend and to correlate ingestion of this capsule with serum antioxidant levels, immune biomarkers, and illness. An encapsulated fruit and vegetable juice concentrate (FVJC)3 has been shown to increase proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), improve natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity in elderly nonsmokers, and increase IL-2 production in both smokers and nonsmokers (4). We hypothesized that consumption of this FVJC might also impact markers of immune function in a younger population, particularly related to the gd-T–cell population. gd-T cells, having characteristics of innate and acquired immunity, play a role in protecting epithelial linings, immunosurveillance against virally infected and tumor cells, and a role in wound healing (5–7). A previous study also found that FVJC consumption for 84 d reduced the amount of DNA damage in PBMC, as measured by the comet assay (4). Moreover, studies using this preparation showed that plasma carotenoids (4,8–12) and plasma vitamin C levels increase (9–11), whereas indicators of oxidative damage, such as serum lipid peroxide levels (12) and plasma malondialdehyde levels, decrease (11).
Components of fruits and vegetables, such as vitamins, minerals, and other phytochemicals are effective in maintaining health and immune function (1–3). The objective of this research was to evaluate the consumption of fruits and vegetables in the form of an encapsulated powder concentrate from a fruit and vegetable juice blend and to correlate ingestion of this capsule with serum antioxidant levels, immune biomarkers, and illness. An encapsulated fruit and vegetable juice concentrate (FVJC)3 has been shown to increase proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), improve natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity in elderly nonsmokers, and increase IL-2 production in both smokers and nonsmokers (4). We hypothesized that consumption of this FVJC might also impact markers of immune function in a younger population, particularly related to the gd-T–cell population. gd-T cells, having characteristics of innate and acquired immunity, play a role in protecting epithelial linings, immunosurveillance against virally infected and tumor cells, and a role in wound healing (5–7). A previous study also found that FVJC consumption for 84 d reduced the amount of DNA damage in PBMC, as measured by the comet assay (4). Moreover, studies using this preparation showed that plasma carotenoids (4,8–12) and plasma vitamin C levels increase (9–11), whereas indicators of oxidative damage, such as serum lipid peroxide levels (12) and plasma malondialdehyde levels, decrease (11).
Materials and Methods
Study design. Healthy men (n ¼ 23) and women (n ¼ 36), ranging in age from 21 to 53 y (mean 25 y), were recruited from the University of Florida’s Levin College of Law in Gainesville, Florida, during August, 2004. Exclusion criteria included the use of tobacco products, chronic or excessive alcohol consumption, use of illegal pharmaceuticals, pregnant or lactating females, and recent surgery or illness. The study was conducted over an 11-wk period. The study was approved by the University of Florida’s Institutional Review Board. Written informed consent was obtained from each subject. On d 1, subjects were randomly assigned, in a double-blind fashion, to either the placebo group, who received capsules containing microcrystalline cellulose, or the FVJC group, who received capsules containing primarily fruit and vegetable juice powder concentrate derived from acerola cherry, apple, beet, broccoli, cabbage, carrot, cranberry, kale, orange, peach, papaya, parsley, pineapple, spinach, and tomato (Juice Plus1 NSA). The FVJC capsules provided ;7.5 mg b-carotene, 234 mg vitamin C, 45 IU vitamin E, 420 mg folate, 60 mg calcium, and about 42 kJ (9–11). Subjects were instructed to consume 4 capsules/d (2 in the morning and 2 in the evening) with meals and to otherwise not alter their habitual diet.
Study design. Healthy men (n ¼ 23) and women (n ¼ 36), ranging in age from 21 to 53 y (mean 25 y), were recruited from the University of Florida’s Levin College of Law in Gainesville, Florida, during August, 2004. Exclusion criteria included the use of tobacco products, chronic or excessive alcohol consumption, use of illegal pharmaceuticals, pregnant or lactating females, and recent surgery or illness. The study was conducted over an 11-wk period. The study was approved by the University of Florida’s Institutional Review Board. Written informed consent was obtained from each subject. On d 1, subjects were randomly assigned, in a double-blind fashion, to either the placebo group, who received capsules containing microcrystalline cellulose, or the FVJC group, who received capsules containing primarily fruit and vegetable juice powder concentrate derived from acerola cherry, apple, beet, broccoli, cabbage, carrot, cranberry, kale, orange, peach, papaya, parsley, pineapple, spinach, and tomato (Juice Plus1 NSA). The FVJC capsules provided ;7.5 mg b-carotene, 234 mg vitamin C, 45 IU vitamin E, 420 mg folate, 60 mg calcium, and about 42 kJ (9–11). Subjects were instructed to consume 4 capsules/d (2 in the morning and 2 in the evening) with meals and to otherwise not alter their habitual diet.
Results
Study attrition consisted of 1 subject due to an unrelated illness and another due to withdrawal from law school, both of which occurred within the first study week. Compliance was 87.3% 6 10.9 pills consumed in the FVJP group and 90.2% 6 9.5 in the placebo group. The 2 groups did not differ in age, body mass index, or gradepoint average at the end of the semester (Table 1). Of the individuals taking the FVJC capsule, 51.6% guessed correctly as to which capsule they took, whereas 39.3% of the placebo group guessed correctly (P ¼ 0.493, Table 1). Seventeen individuals in the FVJC group and 17 in the placebo group reported 1 or 2 illnesses. No one reported having 3 or more illnesses. The number of self-reported illnesses between the 2 groups did not differ, but there was a trend (P ¼ 0.076) for the FVJC group to have fewer total symptoms than the placebo group (Table 1). High variability in the placebo group (CV ¼ 85.2%) may be responsible for of the inability to detect a significant difference with this number of individuals.
The percentage of circulating gd-CD31 T cells in the FVJC group increased 30% after 77 d, whereas treatment did not affect the percentage of ab-CD31 T cells in the peripheral blood (Table 2). The percentage of gd-CD31 T cells in the FVJC group after 77d of treatment was 30% greater than at baseline (P ¼ 0.091) and 30% greater than in the placebo (P ¼ 0.049). The level of INF-g produced by PMA-stimulated PBMC (after culture with IL-2) was significantly decreased in the FVJC group (1.49 6 0.19 ng/L on d 1 vs. 0.47 6 0.19 ng/L on d 77). INF-g levels in the placebo group did not significantly differ between d 1 and d 77 (1.14 6 0.20 ng/L on d 1 vs. 0.67 6 0.2 ng/L on d 77). Statistically, there was a time effect within the FVJC group (P ¼ 0.002) but no time effect in the placebo (P ¼ 0.114). There were no differences between time and/or treatment in the levels of IL-4, TGF-b, or IL-6 produced by PMAstimulated PBMC from FVJC consumers or the placebo (datanot shown).
Study attrition consisted of 1 subject due to an unrelated illness and another due to withdrawal from law school, both of which occurred within the first study week. Compliance was 87.3% 6 10.9 pills consumed in the FVJP group and 90.2% 6 9.5 in the placebo group. The 2 groups did not differ in age, body mass index, or gradepoint average at the end of the semester (Table 1). Of the individuals taking the FVJC capsule, 51.6% guessed correctly as to which capsule they took, whereas 39.3% of the placebo group guessed correctly (P ¼ 0.493, Table 1). Seventeen individuals in the FVJC group and 17 in the placebo group reported 1 or 2 illnesses. No one reported having 3 or more illnesses. The number of self-reported illnesses between the 2 groups did not differ, but there was a trend (P ¼ 0.076) for the FVJC group to have fewer total symptoms than the placebo group (Table 1). High variability in the placebo group (CV ¼ 85.2%) may be responsible for of the inability to detect a significant difference with this number of individuals.
The percentage of circulating gd-CD31 T cells in the FVJC group increased 30% after 77 d, whereas treatment did not affect the percentage of ab-CD31 T cells in the peripheral blood (Table 2). The percentage of gd-CD31 T cells in the FVJC group after 77d of treatment was 30% greater than at baseline (P ¼ 0.091) and 30% greater than in the placebo (P ¼ 0.049). The level of INF-g produced by PMA-stimulated PBMC (after culture with IL-2) was significantly decreased in the FVJC group (1.49 6 0.19 ng/L on d 1 vs. 0.47 6 0.19 ng/L on d 77). INF-g levels in the placebo group did not significantly differ between d 1 and d 77 (1.14 6 0.20 ng/L on d 1 vs. 0.67 6 0.2 ng/L on d 77). Statistically, there was a time effect within the FVJC group (P ¼ 0.002) but no time effect in the placebo (P ¼ 0.114). There were no differences between time and/or treatment in the levels of IL-4, TGF-b, or IL-6 produced by PMAstimulated PBMC from FVJC consumers or the placebo (datanot shown).
Acknowledgments
We thank Neal Benson and Bhavna Bhardwaj of the UF Flow Cytometry Core for assistance and guidance, Carrie NeSmith for technical assistance, and Dr. Joon-Hee Lee and Dr. Steve Talcott, for assistance with the ORAC assay. Special thanks to Gail Sassnett and Nomar Castro at the University of Florida’sLevin College of Law.
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